The ability to control the orientation in which new atoms are added to molecules is important. 'They've found ways to not only speed up the chemical joining,' he said, 'but to make sure it only goes in either the right-handed or left-handed direction.' 'One way to look at their work is like molecular carpentry,' said John Lorsch, director of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences at the U.S. The Nobel panel noted that their contributions made the production of key drugs easier, including an antiviral and an anti-anxiety medication. The catalysts that MacMillan and List pioneered 'are organic, so they will degrade faster, and they are also cheaper,' he said. 'They accumulate, they leach, they may be hazardous.' Cheng, president of the American Chemical Society, said the laureates developed 'new magic wands.'Д«efore the their work, 'the standard catalysts frequently used were metals, which frequently have environmental downsides,' Cheng said. At that eureka moment, 'I did feel that this could be something big,' the 53-year-old said. List said he did not initially know MacMillan was working on the same subject and figured his own hunch might just be a 'stupid idea' - until it worked. If he could devise a way of making medicines faster by completely different means that didn't require vats of metal catalysts, the process would be safer for both workers and the planet, he reasoned. His said the inspiration for his Nobel-winning work came when thinking about the dirty process of making chemicals - one that requires precautions he likened to those taken at nuclear power plants. As he told that story, he said he could hear his wife pleading with him not to share it. in a cold and leaky classroom in rainy Scotland, while the chemistry courses were two hours later in warmer, drier spaces. In fact, he said at a news conference in Princeton, he was planning to follow his older brother into physics, but the physics classes in college were at 8 a.m. О“Г‡ВЄ I was lucky enough to get a chance to come to America, to do my Ph.D.,' he said. 'I grew up in Scotland, a working-class kid. MacMillan said that winning the prize left him 'stunned, shocked, happy, very proud.' 'The fact is that many people have wondered why we didn't think of it earlier,' he added. Johan в”њГ qvist, chair of the Nobel panel, called the method as 'simple as it is ingenious.' The new tools have been important for developing medicines and minimizing drug manufacturing glitches, including problems that can cause harmful side effects. That all changed when List, of the Max Planck Institute in Germany, and MacMillan, of Princeton University in New Jersey, independently reported that small organic molecules can be used to do the job. Until the beginning of the millennium, chemists had only two methods - or catalysts - to speed up the process, using either complicated enzymes or metal catalysts. That requires linking atoms together in specific arrangements, an often difficult and slow task. The chemistry prize focused on the making of molecules. The physics prize honored developments that expanded our understanding of climate change, just weeks before the start of global climate negotiations in Scotland. It was the second day in a row that a Nobel rewarded work that had environmental implications. 'It's already benefiting humankind greatly,' said Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede, a member of the Nobel panel. MacMillan has allowed scientists to produce those molecules more cheaply, efficiently, safely and with significantly less hazardous waste. Two scientists won the Nobel Prize for chemistry Wednesday for finding an ingenious and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules - an approach now used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides.

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